Bring the water, vinegar, salt, and sugar to a vigorous simmer in a sauce pot over medium high heat.
While the pickling liquid comes to a simmer, peel, trim and slice the onion into very thin slices.
Place the sliced onion into a wide-mouthed mason jar (at least 1 pint/480ml and up to 2 pints/950ml in volume).
Pour the hot liquid into the mason jar and over the red onions. If all of the onions are not submerged in the pickling liquid, use a spoon to press them down into it. Their volume will decrease as they pickle.
Cover the mason jar and transfer it to the fridge for storage. The pickles will be ready in 30 minutes and will keep in the fridge for up to 2-4 weeks.